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physics.data-ancs.LGhep-ex Shuhang Li, Haiwang Yu, Gabor Galgoczi et al. · Oct 22, 2026

Modern nuclear and particle physics detectors such as the sPHENIX TPC produce increasingly large, sparse data volumes that strain conventional reconstruction. This work evaluates FM4NPP, a ~200M-parameter Mamba-based foundation model pretrained on TPC spacepoint sequences via self-supervised $k$-Next-Nearest-Neighbor prediction, on downstream track finding and particle identification. The central claim is that a single frozen backbone with lightweight adapters can outperform a traditional Cellular-Automaton seeder at low momentum and match or exceed a Gaussian-Process-Regression $dE/dx$ baseline for PID, potentially extending physics reach while simplifying analysis chains.

Modern high energy nuclear and particle physics experiments produce large amounts of sparse data that must be reduced significantly in size before performing physics analysis. Recently, there has been an effort to evaluate Foundation Models as a potential tool for performing data analysis. These models have been shown to learn features in high dimensional datasets based on the multi-modal data they are trained on. To show their effectiveness at performing complex pattern recognition tasks, such as reconstructing charged particles in a magnetic field, we evaluated the performance of a Foundation Model based reconstruction on several downstream tasks with a dataset composed of spacepoints in a Time Projection Chamber. We show that the performance of the Foundation Model based data analysis significantly improves upon that of traditional methods, and furthermore can be adapted to learn additional tasks that are not necessarily related to the initial training objective.