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cs.AIecon.GNq-fin.EC Yicai Xing · Mar 23, 2026

This paper proposes that AI inference tokens are evolving into a standardized commodity like electricity, and designs a complete futures market framework including the "Standard Inference Token" (SIT) contract, settlement mechanisms, and margin systems. The core motivation is hedging compute cost risk for application-layer enterprises as inference displaces training as the dominant AI cost.

As large language models (LLMs) and vision-language-action models (VLAs) become widely deployed, the tokens consumed by AI inference are evolving into a new type of commodity. This paper systematically analyzes the commodity attributes of tokens, arguing for their transition from intelligent service outputs to compute infrastructure raw materials, and draws comparisons with established commodities such as electricity, carbon emission allowances, and bandwidth. Building on the historical experience of electricity futures markets and the theory of commodity financialization, we propose a complete design for standardized token futures contracts, including the definition of a Standard Inference Token (SIT), contract specifications, settlement mechanisms, margin systems, and market-maker regimes. By constructing a mean-reverting jump-diffusion stochastic process model and conducting Monte Carlo simulations, we evaluate the hedging efficiency of the proposed futures contracts for application-layer enterprises. Simulation results show that, under an application-layer demand explosion scenario, token futures can reduce enterprise compute cost volatility by 62%-78%. We also explore the feasibility of GPU compute futures and discuss the regulatory framework for token futures markets, providing a theoretical foundation and practical roadmap for the financialization of compute resources.
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cs.AIecon.GNq-fin.EC Taejin Park · Mar 22, 2026

Organizations deploying commercial AI systems inherit vendor-imposed value constraints that limit which recommendations the system can produce. This paper formalizes these boundaries as a "behavioural feasible set" and demonstrates through controlled experiments that alignment training compresses this set, making AI systems structurally unable to endorse certain legitimate organizational actions even under strong contextual pressure. The work reframes AI governance from a capability question to a constraint diagnosis problem, showing that vendor selection partially determines which trade-offs remain negotiable for adopting firms.

When organisations adopt commercial AI systems for decision support, they inherit value judgements embedded by vendors that are neither transparent nor renegotiable. The governance puzzle is not whether AI can support decisions but which recommendations the system can actually produce given how its vendor has configured it. I formalise this as a behavioural feasible set, the range of recommendations reachable under vendor-imposed alignment constraints, and characterise diagnostic thresholds for when organisational requirements exceed the system's flexibility. In scenario-based experiments using binary decision scenarios and multi-stakeholder ranking tasks, I show that alignment materially compresses this set. Comparing pre- and post-alignment variants of an open-weight model isolates the mechanism: alignment makes the system substantially less able to shift its recommendation even under legitimate contextual pressure. Leading commercial models exhibit comparable or greater rigidity. In multi-stakeholder tasks, alignment shifts implied stakeholder priorities rather than neutralising them, meaning organisations adopt embedded value orientations set upstream by the vendor. Organisations thus face a governance problem that better prompting cannot resolve: selecting a vendor partially determines which trade-offs remain negotiable and which stakeholder priorities are structurally embedded.